Integration of molecular testing for the personalized management of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) are the most common forms of aggressive and indolent lymphoma, respectively. The majority of patients are cured by standard R-CHOP immunochemotherapy, but 30%-40% of DLBCL and 20% of FL patients relapse or are refractory (R/R). DLBCL and FL are phenotypically and genetically hereterogenous B-cell neoplasms. To date, the diagnosis of DLBCL and FL has been based on morphology, immunophenotyping and cytogenetics. However, next-generation sequencing (NGS) is widening our understanding of the genetic basis of the B-cell lymphomas. In this review we will discuss how integrating the NGS-based characterization of somatic gene mutations with diagnostic or prognostic value in DLBCL and FL could help refine B-cell lymphoma classification as part of a multidisciplinary pathology work-up. We will also discuss how molecular testing can identify candidates for clinical trials with targeted therapies and help predict therapeutic outcome to currently available treatments, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, as well as explore the application of circulating cell-free DNA, a non-invasive method for patient monitoring. We conclude that molecular analyses can drive improvements in patient outcomes due to an increased understanding of the different pathogenic pathways affected by each DLBCL subtype and indolent FL vs R/R FL.

Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma nasal type in a western population: Molecular profiling identifies new therapeutic targets.

(A) Correlation matrix of unsupervised co-regulated genes, based on the 208 genes included in the NanoString platform. Some of the clusters of co-regulated genes corresponded to the following: Inflammatory cells; Epstein-Barr virus; B-cells; Cytotoxic T-cells; T-cells; and Proliferation. (B) Analysis of genomic alterations by targeted sequencing. Distribution of mutations in the 62 analyzed genes. Rows correspond to sequenced genes, columns represent individual patients. Color coding: green, missense; blue, synonymous; pink, frameshift; violet, Indel; red, stop gained; yellow, UTR.

Genetic Testing at Diagnosis Has Prognostic Value in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia including at Early Stages.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a variable clinical evolution, with some patients living treatment-free for decades while others require therapy shortly after diagnosis. In a consecutive series of 217 CLL patients, molecular biomarkers with prognostic value (IGHV status, TP53 mutations, and cytogenetics), whose analysis is recommended prior to treatment start, were studied at diagnosis. Multivariate analyses identified prognostic variables for overall survival (OS) and time to first treatment (TTFT) and validated the CLL-IPI and IPS-E variables for all or early-stage patients (Rai 0-2/Binet A), respectively. Unmutated IGHV was associated with shorter OS and TTFT, even for early-stage patients. Lymphocyte count was not statistically significant for TTFT of early-stage patients in multivariate analysis. Our results validate the prognostic value of IGHV mutational status at diagnosis for OS and TTFT, including for early stages. Our findings suggest a role for molecular and mutational analysis at diagnosis in future prospective studies.

Etanercept en la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped aguda refractaria a corticoides / Etanercept on steroid-refractary acute graft-versus-host disease

Objetivo: Describir el uso y la efectividad de etanercept como terapia en la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped refractaria a corticoides tras el trasplante alogénico de progenitores hematopoyéticos. Método: Se seleccionaron los pacientes en los que se utilizó etanercept fuera de indicación para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped y se revisaron retrospectivamente sus historias clínicas para evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento. Resultados: De un total fueron cinco pacientes tratados cuatro presentaban enfermedad con afectación digestiva y otro con manifestación pulmonar y hepática. En el 80% de los casos se alcanzó alguna respuesta clínica: 60% respuesta parcial y 20% respuesta completa. En cuatro pacientes se utilizo etanecept 25mg dos veces por semana con duración variable, obteniendo una respuesta nula en uno (3 semanas), parcial en dos (4 y 8 semanas) y total en otro (8 semanas). Sólo en un caso se usó etanercept 50mg dos veces en semana durante 5 semanas con respuesta parcial. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos de respuesta clínica son coherentes con los publicados previamente y vienen a incrementar la escasa bibliografía sobre la utilidad de etanercept en el tratamiento en la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped aguda y refractaria a corticoides. Dadas las limitaciones del diseño y el reducido número de pacientes, estudios controlados deberán evaluar en el futuro la eficacia y la seguridad de etanercept en estos pacientes (AU)

Objetive: To describe etanercept use and effectiveness on steroid-refractary acute graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Method: Patients treated with etanercept as off label use for steroid-refractary acute graft-versus-host disease were selected and each patient’s medical history was reviewed to assess the clinical response. Results: The study included five patients: four presented with digestive manifestations and one presented pulmonary and liver manifestations. 80% of patients showed a clinical response: 60% a partial response and 20% a total response. In four cases etanercept 25mg was administered twice a week with variable duration of treatment, achieving no response in 1 case (3 weeks), partial response in two 2 cases (4 weeks and 8 weeks) and a complete response in 1 case (8 week period). Only one case was treated with etanercept 50mg administered twice a week for 5 weeks with a partial treatment response. Conclusions: The clinical response rate is consistent with the previously published data. This updates the scarce bibliographic information about etanecept use in steroid-refractary acute graft-versus-host disease. Due to clinical design limitations and the small patient population, future clinical studies should be conducted to assess the efficacy and security of etanercept in these patients (AU)

[Etanercept on steroid-refractary acute graft-versus-host disease]. / Etanercept en la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped aguda refractaria a corticoides.

UNLABELLED: Objetive: To describe etanercept use and effectiveness on steroid- refractary acute graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation. METHOD: Patients treated with etanercept as off label use for steroid-refractary acute graft-versus-host disease were selected and each patient's medical history was reviewed to assess the clinical response. RESULTS: The study included five patients: four presented with digestive manifestations and one presented pulmonary and liver manifestations. 80% of patients showed a clinical response: 60% a partial response and 20% a total response. In four cases etanercept 25mg was administered twice a week with variable duration of treatment, achieving no response in 1 case (3 weeks), partial response in two 2 cases (4 weeks and 8 weeks) and a complete response in 1 case (8 week period). Only one case was treated with etanercept 50mg administered twice a week for 5 weeks with a partial treatment response. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical response rate is consistent with the previously published data. This updates the scarce bibliographic information about etanecept use in steroid-refractary acute graft-versus-host disease. Due to clinical design limitations and the small patient population, future clinical studies should be conducted to assess the efficacy and security of etanercept in these patients.

Objetivo: Describir el uso y la efectividad de etanercept como terapia en la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped refractaria a corticoides tras el trasplante alogénico de progenitores hematopoyéticos. Método: Se seleccionaron los pacientes en los que se utilizó etanercept fuera de indicación para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped y se revisaron retrospectivamente sus historias clínicas para evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento. Resultados: De un total fueron cinco pacientes tratados cuatro presentaban enfermedad con afectación digestiva y otro con manifestación pulmonar y hepática. En el 80% de los casos se alcanzó alguna respuesta clínica: 60% respuesta parcial y 20% respuesta completa. En cuatro pacientes se utilizo etanecept 25mg dos veces por semana con duración variable, obteniendo una respuesta nula en uno (3 semanas), parcial en dos (4 y 8 semanas) y total en otro (8 semanas). Sólo en un caso se usó etanercept 50mg dos veces en semana durante 5 semanas con respuesta parcial. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos de respuesta clínica son coherentes con los publicados previamente y vienen a incrementar la escasa bibliografía sobre la utilidad de etanercept en el tratamiento en la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped aguda y refractaria a corticoides. Dadas las limitaciones del diseño y el reducido número de pacientes, estudios controlados deberán evaluar en el futuro la eficacia y la seguridad de etanercept en estos pacientes.